40 Years of Achievements and Experience
40 Years of Achievements and Experience
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Forty years ago, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping launched China’s reform and opening up, pushing the country’s development into a new historical period. Today, the times call for a careful review of the nation’s achievements and experiences over the past four decades, which will enlighten and inspire the future development of China and even the world.
Achievements and Experiences
The achievements China has made in its 40 years of reform and opening up are mainly evidenced by institutional innovation and economic development.
Institutional innovation includes five key aspects: First, China has explored a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics that meets the country’s national conditions. Soon after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, it introduced the development mode of a planned economy used in the Soviet Union. In 1984, China presented the idea of building a “system of planned commodity economy,” and then set the goal of building a “system of socialist market economy.” After decades of explorations, the nation has established and constantly improved the system of socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, laying the basic institutional foundation for its rapid economic growth.
Second, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. From reform to comprehensively deepening reform, from opening up to creating a new landscape for all-round opening up, China’s reform and opening up has also entered a new era.
Third, the persistent urban-rural dual structure has been basically broken, and breakthroughs have been made in forging a framework for urban-rural integration.
Fourth, based on its national conditions, China has established and improved a poverty eradication system with Chinese characteristics, which has been proven effective in reducing poverty. To date, nearly 800 million impoverished people in the country have been lifted out of poverty.
Fifth, the new type of urbanization has been increasingly progressing. China’s urbanization rate had risen from 18 percent in 1978 to 59 percent at the end of 2017. Moreover, its urban service level and capacity, energy utilization efficiency, and social governance capacity have constantly improved.
Shanxi farmers drive tractors holding a banner with the slogan of “Great Third Plenary Session of the CPC Central Committee”. From December 18 to 22, 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee was held in Beijing, opening the prelude to China's reform and opening up. by Liu Yinqing
1981: Chinese young people read under the street lights at Tian’anmen Square in Beijing.Since China resumed the collage entrance examination in 1977, the country’s higher education has developed rapidly with the reform and opening up. by Liu Heung Shing
The reform and opening up has enabled many Chinese farmers to become wealthy. Here,Sun Guiying, a chicken farmer in Beijing’s Changping District, poses for a picture with her family beside a car they just bought in 1984. Sun was the first farmer to own a private car in the history of the People’s Republic of China. by Li Xi/CFB
Back in the 1980s, Bu Xinsheng (center), director of a state-owned T-shirt factory in Zhejiang Province, introduced management methods of a market economy that led to a wave of enterprise reform. For this reason, he was dubbed a “pioneer in China’s urban economic system reform.” The picture shows Bu working on a new design with employees at a workshop in 1984. by Dai Jiming/Xinhua
China’s achievements in economic development are demonstrated in the following five aspects: First, its overall economic strength has been remarkably enhanced. In 1978, its GDP was only US$150 billion, ranking 11th in the world. The figure rocketed to US$13 trillion in 2017, second in the world. Second, the added value of its manufacturing industry ranks first globally after increasing from US$60 billion in 1978 to today’s nearly US$4 trillion. Third, its cargo trade volume ranks first in the world after rising from US$21 billion in 1978 to US$4 trillion in 2017. Fourth, its foreign exchange reserve ranks first in the world after increasing from US$170 million in 1978 to more than US$3 trillion at the end of 2017. Fifth, food security in China is now guaranteed. In the early days of its reform and opening up, China’s total grain yield was about 300 million tons—300 kilograms per capita. In 2017, its total grain output exceeded 600 million tons, and per capita output reached 450 kilograms.
China’s first KFC restaurant opened in Qianmen, Beijing in 1987, becoming the first Western fast-food brand to enter the Chinese market. CFB
1984: The topping-out ceremony of the International Trade Center Building in Shenzhen. Independently designed by China, the 150-metertall building was the highest structure across the country at that time and dubbed an “icon of China’s reform and opening up.”by Jiang Shigao/CFB
Ten key lessons can be drawn from China’s remarkable achievements: First of all, China’s profound history and culture have been converted into driving forces for its development. Second, China has chosen the right, unique development road suited for its national conditions, which is a road to socialism with Chinese characteristics. Third, China adheres to market-oriented reform. Fourth, China has constantly pushed forward its opening up to the world. The country’s opening up can be roughly divided into four phases: introducing foreign investments through building special economic zones (SEZs) starting in 1979, joining the World Trade Organization in 2001 to align China’s trade and investment rules with the world, developing pilot free trade areas (FTAs) since 2013 to facilitate international trade and investment, and introducing the Belt and Road Initiative in the autumn of 2013 to take bolder and wider steps in opening up. Fifth, China has always placed economic work at the top of its agenda. Sixth, China has maintained political and social stability. Seventh, China has taken active measures to facilitate and protect benign competition. Eighth, China places priority on the development of education. Ninth, China has formulated and enacted a series of development plans. Tenth, the Chinese people are diligent and enterprising.
The important speeches made by Deng Xiaoping, “chief architect” of China’s reform and opening up, during his 1992 inspection tour to southern China pushed the country into a period of fast economic growth. The picture shows pedestrians in front of a huge portrait of Deng Xiaoping, on Shennan Avenue in downtown Shenzhen. by An Ge/CFB
Another secret behind the success of China’s reform and opening up has been taking gradual steps along the road of reform and opening up. For instance, the household contract responsibility system started in Xiaogang Village in Anhui Province, where it was standardized and institutionalized before becoming nationwide practice via the formulation and implementation of relevant policies after it was proven effective in raising grain yield by a large margin. Just like reform in rural areas, urban reform, SEZs and FTAs all followed a similar progressive process.
Global Significance
The success of China’s reform and opening up has been globally significant.
China’s economic strength has greatly improved due to its reform and opening up, so the country is now able to provide more and better public goods and services for people all over the world and make greater contributions to accelerating global economic growth and safeguarding world peace. In recent years, China has contributed more than 30 percent of the world’s economic growth.
July 13, 2001: People celebrate on the street after Beijing wins its bid to host the 2008 Olympics. After decades of reform and opening up, China has witnessed impressive economic growth and showed a new look to the world. by Zou Yi/CFB
Specifically, over the five years since it proposed the Belt and Road Initiative, China has invested a large volume of funds in infrastructure construction around the world, including a railway project in Tajikistan, a tunnel project in Uzbekistan, power plant projects in Pakistan, a railway project in Laos, high-speed rail projects in Indonesia and Thailand, port projects in Myanmar and Sri Lanka, an industrial park project in Belarus, and highway and railway projects in Africa. All of these projects have made direct contributions to improving infrastructure connectivity around the world.
Presently, China imports about US$2 trillion of goods and US$500 billion of services from around the world annually and has become a massive commodities and services market. In recent years, China’s outbound investment has surpassed its inbound investment, making it a major net capital exporter of the world. China also took the lead in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the BRICS New Development Bank, which have provided remarkable amounts of development funds for less-developed countries.
Moreover, China has carried out international production capacity cooperation with global partners and built industrial parks in many countries. These measures represent great contributions to promoting the industrialization process of developing countries and helping them create more jobs and revenues.
October 1, 2010: A national flag-raising ceremony is held in front of the China Pavilion at Shanghai Expo 2010. The 2010 World Expo in Shanghai showcased China’s remarkable achievements since the beginning of its reform and opening up in the late 1970s, and pushed the country to further open its door to the outside world. by Chen Fei/Xinhua
China is also making greater contributions to improving global governance. Starting in 2019, China will become the second largest contributor to the UN regular budget, second only to the United States. Of all of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, China has dispatched the largest number of personnel to UN peacekeeping missions. China has moderately increased its investment in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank according to needs. All of these are conducive to improving the global governance system and enabling international organizations to play a more positive role.
November 28, 2018: The first train departs from Handan to Moscow, one of the routes of China Railway Express, carrying 41 compartments and traveling 9,500 kilometers in 15 days to arrive in the Russian city. Xinhua
On the other hand, the successful experiences China has accumulated across the past 40 years of its reform and opening up, especially those concerning development path suited for national conditions, poverty alleviation, governance and energy structure transformation, will provide useful references for other countries in the world, especially developing nations.
The author is dean of the Emerging Markets Institute at Beijing Normal University.